Cultural Foundations of Mathematics

From the backpage (http://ckraju.net/IndianCalculus/back_page.htm)

The volumes of the Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization aim to discover the central aspects of India’s heritage and present them in an interrelated manner. In spite of their unitary look, these volumes recognize the difference between the areas of material civilization and those of ideational culture. The Project is not being executed by a single group of thinkers, methodologically uniform or ideologically identical in their commitments. Rather, contributions are made by different scholars of diverse ideological persuasions and methodological approaches. The Project is marked by what may be called ‘methodological pluralism’. In spite of its primarily historical character, this project, both in its conceptualization and execution, has been shaped by scholars drawn from different disciplines. It is the first time that an endeavour of such unique and comprehensive character has been undertaken to study critically a major world civilization. This volume examines in depth the implications of Indian history and philosophy for contemporary mathematics and science. The conclusions challenge current formal mathematics and its basis in the Western dogma that deduction is infallible (or that it is less fallible than induction). The development of the calculus in India, over a thousand years, is exhaustively documented in the volume, along with novel insights, and is related to the key sources of wealth—monsoon-dependent agriculture and navigation required for overseas trade—and the corresponding requirement of timekeeping. Rejecting the usual double standard of evidence used to construct Eurocentric history, a single, new standard of evidence for transmissions is proposed. Using this, it is pointed out that Jesuits in Cochin, following the Toledo model of translation, had long-term opportunity to transmit Indian calculus texts to Europe. The Europea